Students learn to design efficient schemas, normalize tables, and write queries to retrieve and manipulate data.

Primary Key, PK

A Primary Key uniquely identifies each record in a table. It cannot be NULL and cannot be duplicated.

Foreign Key, FK

A Foreign Key creates a relationship between two tables by referencing the Primary Key of another table.

Normalization / 3NF

Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) reduces redundancy and ensures data consistency. 1NF: No repeating groups, atomic values 2NF: Fully dependent on the whole primary key 3NF: No transitive dependenc

SQL is divided into three major categories

DDL (Data Definition Language): CREATE, ALTER, DROP DML (Data Manipulation Language): INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE DQL (Data Query Language): SELECT